Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.Vitt, D.H., L.A. Halsey and B.J. Abouguendia, Z.M. ; Hanson, H.C. 1958.
1978. The forest products sector is one of Canada's largest export industries, representing approximately 3% of GDP, with about half of the annual wood harvest coming from the boreal forest.Roughly one quarter of the boreal forest is managed for industrial forestry.
The particular mixture of tree species depends upon factors including soil moisture, soil depth, and organic content. It can be many more times that in intense fire years.Because parts of the boreal forest region are found in nearly every province and territory in Canada, there has not been much in the way of coordinated planning to develop the region. 46–55. Qualitative analysis of insect outbreak systems: the spruce budworm and forest. 1988. Helleiner. The resulting conifer forests are produced by and dependent upon recurring disturbance from storms, fires, floods and insect outbreaks.
687 p.Viereck, L.A. 1973. Forest Succession: Concepts and Applications. pp. Winter temperatures have increased more than summer temperatures. 2005. These include the About 1,400 communities within the Boreal region rely on resource industries for at least part of the livelihood and stability. While the certification process differs between these groups, all of them include forest stewardship, respect for aboriginal peoples, compliance with local, provincial or national environmental laws, forest worker safety, education and training, and other environmental, business, and social requirements. For example, at least three species of warbler (Cape May warbler, bay-breasted warbler and Tennessee warbler), have distributions and abundance related to spruce budworm outbreaks.Few species of boreal wildlife are classified under government conservation regimes as being at risk of extinction. Boreal forestry activities support almost 400,000 direct and indirect jobs across Canada. In North America, one or two species of fir and one or two species of spruce are dominant. The history of the early European The forest – and boreal species such as the caribou and loon – are or have been featured on Canadian currency. Keddy (eds.). Journal of Animal Ecology 47: 315–332. p. 376Cadman, M.D., P.F.J. Keddy (eds.). pp. The boreal region contains about 13% of Canada's population. 1973.
Road Ecology: Science and Solutions. Washington: Island Press.Rowe, J. S. and G. W. Scotter. Forestry, pulp and paper, mining, and oil and gas exploration and development are the largest industries along with tourism, trapping, recreation, light manufacturing and the services to support industry and communities. The Canadian boreal region contains the largest area of wetlands of any ecosystem of the world, serving as breeding ground for over 12 million waterbirds and millions of land birds, the latter including species as diverse as vultures, hawks, grouse, owls, Many of the wildlife species, are, like the forests, dependent upon natural disturbance from fire and insect outbreaks.
Fraser and P.A. Helleiner. In D. C. West, H.H. Atlas of the Breeding Birds of Ontario. It is one of many ecosystems that depend upon such recurring natural disturbance.Boreal vegetation never attains stability because of interactions among Despite today's sophisticated and expensive fire-spotting and fire-fighting techniques, forest fires in Canada still burn, on average, about 28,000 square kilometres of boreal and other forest area annually. With its sheer vastness and The Canadian boreal forest is a very large bio-region that extends in length from the Yukon-Alaska border right across the country to Newfoundland and Labrador. ; Baschak, L.A. 1987. Forestry companies have come to adopt the management practices known as eco-system based management, which takes into consideration criteria and indicators for sustainability – social, economic and environmental. ; Malhotra, S.S.; Khan, A.A. 1984. "Birds in Canada's Boreal Forest: New paradigms for paradise found", State of Canada's Forests 2005–2006, p. 72Peter Blancher, "Importance of Canada's Boreal Forest to Landbirds", Canadian Boreal Initiative and Boreal Songbird Initiative, May 2003, p. ii, Cadman, M.D., P.F.J. Ottawa: Lands Directorate, Environment Canada.Riley, J.L. New York: Springer-Verlag.True facterinoState of Canada's Forests: 2004–2005, Map "Canada's Boreal Forest", inside back cover.State of Canada's Forests: 2004–2005, Map "Canada's Boreal Region", inside back coverArchibold, O. W. 1995. Ecoscience 1: 141–152.Churchill, E.D. "Effect of sulfur dioxide on woody boreal forest species grown on native soils and tailings". A number of key principles have come to underpin Canadian forestry practices as mandated by forestry legislation, including the obligation for forestry companies operating on public lands to fully regenerate all areas harvested for timber and to consult the public on the preparation of forest management/harvest plans submitted to the relevant provincial authorities.